Standard attributes
7 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Fifteen studied dietary sources of calcium (n=810 calcium, n=723 controls),16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 and 51 studied calcium supplements (n=6547 calcium, n=5710 controls).7 12 13 14 15 17 19 20 21 22 26 28 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Table 1 ? shows study design and selected baseline characteristics for included studies of dietary calcium. Tables 2 and 3 show the study design and selected baseline characteristics for trials of calcium supplements, without and with additional vitamin D, respectively. ? ? Further details are in tables A-C in appendix 2. Of the 15 randomised controlled trials 
of dietary sources of calcium, 10 used milk or milk powder, two used dairy products, and three used hydroxyapatite preparations. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, 36 studied calcium monotherapy, 13 co-administered CaD, and two were multi-arm studies of both. Table 4 summarises other features of the trials ? . Most of them studied calcium without vitamin D in women aged <70 living in the community; the mean baseline dietary calcium intake was <800 mg/day; and most trials lasted ?2 years. A calcium dose of >500 mg/day was used in most trials, but a higher proportion of trials of calcium supplements used a dose of ?1000 mg/day. Table C in appendix 2 shows our assessment of risk of bias. Of the 15 trials of dietary sources of calcium, we assessed two as low risk of bias, six as moderate risk, and seven as high risk. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, we assessed 19 as low risk of bias, 12 as moderate risk, and 20 as high risk.
Model of randomised regulated products and you will chose baseline features away from qualified examples out of calcium which also made use of supplement D medications
Top analyses
Dining table 5 ? summarises the results of your own meta-analyses. Broadening calcium supplements intake regarding losing weight present increased BMD from the 0.6-step one.0% from the overall hip and you may complete muscles at 1 year and you will because of the 0.7-step one.8% within the web sites in addition to lumbar spine and you may femoral shoulder during the 24 months (figs 1 and you can dos ? ? . Discover zero impact on BMD at forearm.
Fig step 1 Random outcomes meta-data away from aftereffect of fat reduction resources of calcium supplements for the payment alter in the limbs nutrient density (BMD) from standard during the one year
Fig dos Haphazard consequences meta-investigation from effect of slimming down sourced elements of calcium supplements to your percentage change for the bones nutrient thickness (BMD) of standard at the two years
Whenever we minimal the fresh analyses toward several randomised managed examples out of milk products otherwise dairy foods, of the excluding about three examples away from hydroxyapatite, there was absolutely nothing improvement in the results. Calcium supplements enhanced BMD at all five skeletal web sites by 0.7-1.4% within 1 year (figs step three and you may 4 ? ? ), from the 0.8-step one.5% during the 2 yrs (figs 5 and you will 6 ? ? ), by 0.8-step one.8% at more two-and-a-half ages (fig 7 ? ) (selection of time of examples was 3 to 5 ages).
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